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Vol. II, No. 2, Fall 1988 |
Preservation Corner
Christ Episcopal Church
by Lynn Morrow
The Christ Episcopal Church, Springfield, Missouri, is a rare architectural treasure: an 1870 Carpenter Gothic wood nave, and a 1927-28 High Gothic Revival stone chancel and parish hall, all joined in an harmonious if unusual ensemble. Located on the northeast corner of Kimbrough and East Walnut streets, Christ Episcopal was successfully nominated to the National Register of Historic Places by St. Louis preservationist Mary Stiritz and Ozarks historian Robert Flanders. Its significance in the architectural history of Springfield and the Ozarks results from the preservation of that ensemble of 19th and 20th century Gothic Revival structures in one living building of great integrity. Christ Episcopal is also the oldest surviving church building in Springfield, and one of the few among surviving contemporaries in the Ozarks region to possess such a high degree of integrity (i.e. little changed from the original appearance).
The 1870 nave is "Carpenter Gothic," a method of building in wood which sought an enriched, textured effect in masses and surfaces emulating the worked stone of Medieval Gothic prototypes. The 1927 architect-designed structures were indeed done in stone, and possess a sophistication of design and workmanship that place them in the first rank of Gothic Revival of the early twentieth century. Specifically, they follow the Early English style (chancel) and English Collegiate style (parish hall).
The parish of Christ Church was organized in 1859 on the eve of the Civil War, when the town of Springfield numbered some 2000 citizens. Although a Gothic-style chapel was erected in 1866, within three years the congregation found it unsuitable for their needs, a result, in part, of lightning damage in 1868. They purchased a large, "very eligible" corner lot in 1869 for a hefty sum of $1,000; but funds were not immediately available for improving it. The congregation's plight, and their aspirations, were reflected in an 1870 report to the diocese:
A Church edifice must be built if we expect to five and grow. The present building is not by any means such as the wants of the community demand. We are unfortunately not keeping pace with the growth of the city.... Our city is growing rapidly .... Strangers are constantly crowding in upon us, seeking homes in this mild healthful climate. In the midst of this rush of business, the question forces itself upon us Churchmen: "Shall we continue to worship God in a building 25 x 25, standing upon leased ground?"
With a membership of only thirty families, the parish earnestly pressed forward with a building campaign, "taxing themselves to the very utmost." The women of the church contributed earnings from needlework, members of the Sunday School raised money for a chancel window, and individual subscriptions were received for several other memorial windows. The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad shipped lumber free of charge from Franklin to Springfield, a saving of $272. By December, 1871, the $4,000 debt was paid off, and the new church was consecrated.
Christ Episcopal had initiated a new pattern of church location in Springfield: they built outside the city center in a newly developing neighborhood of upper middle class families. The fact was not overlooked by the local press, which observed that "the location is very choice indeed, and we are of opinion that the new church will be fully in keeping with the location." They also noted the church's venerable design lineage, referring to its "Medieval style, with English belfry," an "imitation of Gothic architecture."
The Gothic style, sometimes referred to by proponents as the "true Christian style," became probably the predominant stylistic idiom of the Romantic Revival movement in church architecture in the United States. The historic prototype was not the Gothic cathedral, as might be expected, but the small medieval parish church of England. It was a good model for new 19th century churches such as Christ Episcopal, because of the authentic, "correct" ecclesiastic tradition and architectural good taste it provided, and also because its modest size accorded with the needs of the typical American Episcopal congregation.
A direct influence on the design of Christ Church emanated from the new young rector, Irish-born
Rev. William Charles. Charles was educated in the circle of Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper, then
Bishop of Wisconsin (1854-70), a devotee of the Gothic style. Charles graduated from Racine
College (1861) and from Nashotah Theological Seminary (1864), Episcopal schools founded by
Kemper to prepare eastern churchmen for the frontier experience. The fervent mission
environment of Wisconsin included worship in, and doubtless study of, two important Carpenter
Gothic churches designed by the leading American exponent of the ecclesiastical Gothic, the
architect Richard Upjohn, who was himself a devout Episcopalian. They were the Chapel of St.
Mary the Virgin at Nashotah Seminary, and the Church of St. John Chrysostom, in nearby
Delafield. Christ Episcopal, built in the far away Ozarks only six years after Charles left Nashotah,
was thus an heir of Upjohn's seminal Wisconsin buildings by way of the young rector.
Interior: 1870 Nave (foreground), and 1928 chancel. The stone cancel arch, dividing Choir space from Altar space, is clearly visible. The higher Nave arch, intended to divide the Choir from a lofty, never-built Nave, is partially hidden behind the much lower 1870 planked ceiling of the Nave.
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The Wisconsin churches provided Charles first-hand exemplars of the "correct," sanctioned Medieval model in simplified and less costly form. The simplifications included building in wood, then enriching the exterior walls with a system of doubled board-and-batten siding appliques and other cutout, built-up decorative treatments. (The board-and-batten device, an Upjohn innovation, was a unique American contribution to the Gothic Revival style).
However, by the second decade of the 20th century, Christ Episcopal made plans to replace the by-then seemingly old-fashioned little wooden church with a large and elegant one of stone on the same site. Designs were submitted in 1922 by the partnership of St. Louis architects Hoener, Baum & Froese for an Early English Gothic nave-chancel and a Collegiate Gothic parish hall. P. J. Hoener was a St. Louis architect who had come to Springfield in 1919 and gained commissions for several public buildings including school, hospital, and church designs. In 1922 he returned to St. Louis as president of the new partnership, taking the Christ Church job with him. Hoener and his partners were to become well-known architects of more than seventy churches.
Although the 1922 project was abandoned when bids greatly exceeded budget, four years later the building campaign was resurrected, this time as a three-phase undertaking. Parish hall and chancel were completed as planned.
The lofty new chancel consummated, now in high style architecture, the canonical Gothic motif first begun at Christ Church sixty-two years earlier: great stone nave and chancel arches, and staged elevation of choir and altar, demarcated progressively more sacred interior spaces. The fine, sparsely ornamented exterior stonework exemplified the relative simplicity of the Early English Gothic idiom, as did the disciplined scale and proportions of the fenestration.
The third, final, nave phase of the new church was never realized due to the onset of the
Depression. It was a fateful occurrence, for thereby the 1870 nave was spared. When the new
chancel was completed, it was at first joined temporarily, then at last permanently, to the much
lower 1870 nave. This conjoining of old and new gives Christ Episcopal a unique and
extraordinary appearance, both outside and in.
Christ Episcopal Church, Springfield, Greene County, Missouri. In this earliest extant photograph, perhaps about 1910, the original two-tone gray paint, suggesting the color of limestone, is evident. Trees at left are in an unopened street easement.
Christ Episcopal chancel, Hoener, Baum and Froese, Architects, 1928. Note relation to the 1870 Carpenter Gothic Nave, painted white through most of the twentieth century.
Lynn Morrow works as a public historian from his home in Taney County, Missouri. He is a consulting editor for OzarksWatch.
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